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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 11 Rebels and the Raj The Revolt of 1857 and its Representations are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 11 Rebels and the Raj The Revolt of 1857 and its Representations.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 11 Rebels and the Raj The Revolt of 1857 and its Representations

Question 1.
Why did the mutinous sepoys in many places turn to erstwhile rulers to provide leadership to the revolt ?
Solution :
The mutinous sepoys in many places turn to erstwhile rulers to provide leadership to the revolt due to the following factors :

1. To acquire a kind of legitimacy : On reaching Delhi the Sepoys of Meerut demanded that the Mughal emperor give them his blessing and to become their leader. Bahadur Shah had no other option but to become their nominal leader. The revolt thus acquired a kind of legitimacy because it could now be carried on in the name of the Mughal emperor. Similarly, Nana Sahib the successor to Peshwa Baji Rao II became the leader of the rebellion in Kanpur.
2. In Jhansi, Rani Lakshmi Bai was forced by the popular pressure to assume the leadership of the uprising.
3. There was also need for organisation that could carry on the rebellious activities in a proper manner. That guidance could be provided by the erstwhile rulers like Nana Sahib, Jhansi ki Rani and others.

Question 2.
Discuss the evidence that indicates planning and coordination on the part of the rebels.
Solution :
The rebellion was not abrupt and sporadic but to a great extent done with planning and care. This is brought out by the following points:

1. The rebels decided to strike when the large part of the British army was in Burma.
2. The time chosen for the rebellion was summer that is very hostile weather condition for the British. Summer was also the season when the entire countryside would be easy to navigate.
3. To spread the message of rebellion, the rebels used symbols bread and lotus from village to village.
4. Efforts were made to maintain Hindu-Moslem unity. Whenever an area would fail under rebel control, cow slaughter was banned.

Question 3.
Discuss the extent to which religious beliefs shaped the events of 1857.
Solution :
The religious beliefs shaped the events of 1857 in a significant way as mentioned below:

• The immediate cause of the revolt by the sepoys at Meerut was the bullets that were coated with the fat of cows and pigs and bitting those bullets would corrupt the caste and religion of both the Hindus and Muslims.
• There was also rumour that the British had mixed the bone dust of cows and pigs into the flour that was sold in the market.
• There was also fear and suspicion that the British wanted to convert Indians to Christianity

Question 4.
What were the measures taken to ensure unity among the rebels?
Solution :
A very important element of the revolt of 1857 was the unity shown by Hindus and Moslems in the struggle against the foreign rule. First the immediate cause of the rebellion was the use of cartridge greased with fat of cow and pig, angering Hindus and Moslems alike. After the rebels marched to Delhi, they declared the Mughal emperor Bahadurshah their all India leader. Thus, the Mughal emperor was the leader of Hindus and Muslems alike. Both Hindus and Muslims respected each others’ religious sentiments. Whenever a new area fell into the control of rebels, cow slaughter was made illegal to respect Hindu sentiments. Thus, Hindu-Muslim unity was the hallmark of the mutiny.

Question 5.
What steps did the British take to quell the uprising ?
Solution :
The British took the following steps to quell the uprising :

• The British passed a series of laws to quell the insurgency. By these Acts passed in May and June 1857, the whole of North India was put under martial law.
• The military officers and even ordinary Britons were given the power to try and punish Indians suspected of rebellion.
• The ordinary processes of law and trial were suspended and it was decided that rebellion would have only one punishment – death.
• The reinforcements were brought in from Britain.
• The British used military power on a gigantic scale.
• The British tried to break up the unity between big landholders and peasants in Uttar Pradesh by promising to give back to the big landholders their estates. Rebel landholders were dispossessed and the loyal rewarded.

Question 6.
Why was the revolt particularly widespread in Awadh? What prompted peasants, taluqdars and zamindar to join the rebellion?
Solution :
The Mutiny of 1857 which was rebellions of the sepoys of the Company, turned into mass uprising in certain areas of the country. The most prominent was the area that was erstwhile part of the kingdom of Oudh. One report of the government says that 75 percent of men in Oudh were involved in the rebellion. Following are the main reasons why it took a mass uprising in that area:
1. Unceremonious removal of the Nawab: The nawab of Oudh Wazid Ali Shah was removed by Dalhosies on the pretext of poor governance. The removal was looked upon by the people as high handed and insult to them. The local people sympathized with the nawab. Thus, the public sentiment was against the British government that got a vent out during the revolt.

2. The ruling elite of Oudh: The ruling elite of Oudh during the rule of Nawab was dislodged from the position of power and prestige. The ruling elite that was employed in the Court of nawab and other senior position was rendered unemployed. They began to feel hardships and it had a cascading impact, the people dependent on them also slipped in depravity. For all such people British rule was the culprit.

3. The agrarian unrest: There was strong anti-British sentiment in Oudh from the level of Talukdars to peasants. Talukdars were rich landlords collecting taxes and enforcing law and order. They enjoyed a lot of autonomy as long as they paid revenue to nawab. The talukdars faced the heavy hands of the British masters. Their autonomy ceased to exist. Their foot soldiers were disarmed and disbanded. The peasants were oppressed more as hardships engulfed the Talukdars. Peasants were over assessed and forced to pay higher taxes than in past.

4. Muslim Anger: The Muslems in North India looked upon British as snatcher of their empire. The Moslems thought themselves as natural rulers of India who were displaced from this position by the British. The Oudha which has the substantial Moslem population burst out against the Company’s rule when it got an opportunity viz. the mutiny of 1857. In fact the then government of East India Company described the mass uprising of Oudh as Moslem conspiracy.

Question 7.
What did the rebels want ? To what extent did the vision of different social groups differ ?
Solution :
(a) The Azamgarh Proclamation of 25 August, 1857 is the main source of information about what the rebels wanted. The objects mentioned in this Proclamation are as given below :

• Zamindars : lb reduce the Jumas, to protect their dignity and honour and to have absolute rule in their territories.
• Merchants : End of fraudulent practices, Right to trade of every article without exception both by land and water to all the native merchants of India.
• Public servants : Better salaries and appointment to high posts.
• Artisans : Employment in the service of the Kings, rajahs and the rich.
• Pundits, Fakirs and other learned persons : To protect their religions.

(b) Besides the objects mentioned in the Azamgarh Proclamation, the other objects of the rebels were as follows :

• To restore the life of people as it existed before the British rule.
• To save their livelihood, their faith, their honour and dignity.
• To have an egalitarian society by overturning traditional hierarchies.
• To restore the pre-British world of the eighteenth century i.e., Mughal world.

(c) From above it is clear that the vision of different groups differed from each other according to their problems. But on the whole they were against the British rule and wanted to get rid of it.

Question 8.
What do visual representations tell us about the revolt of 1857 ? How do historians analyse these representations ?
Solution :
(a) The visual representations give us the following information :

1. Information about saviours: Paintings such as “Relief of Lucknow” depicts British heroes – Colin Campbell, Outram and Havelock who saved the British and repressed the rebels in Lucknow.
2. Painting showing helpless and innocent women in fear of dishonour, violence and death. “In Memoriam’ is a painting that shows the condition of British women dming mutiny and what the mutineers were doing with them.
3. Women’s struggle to save their honour and their life. The sketch showing Miss Wheeler as defending herself against sepoys in Kanpur shows that the women too tried to save themselves. It has, however, a deeper religious connotation. It was a battle to save the honour of Christianity.
4. Vengeance and retribution : The visual representations such as Justice — an allegorical female figure in an aggressive posture depicts that there was great demand for a repressive policy and violent reprisal.
5. The performance of terror: The “British Lion’s Vengeance on the Bengal Tiger” and “Execution of Mutineers in Peshawar” proves that the British followed a repressive policy to create terror among the Indians.
6. No time for clemency: ‘The Clemency of Canning’ is a cartoon that shows that there was no time for leniency against the Indians.
7. Nationalist imageries : The nationalist considered it a First War of Independence. Rani Lakshmi Bai and others were depicted as heroic figures. Usually, Rani was portrayed in battle armour that symbolised her determination to resist injustice and alient rule.

Thus, the paintings and other visual representation tell us about the feeling of the people in India and Britain.

(b) The historians consider these pictorial images produced by the British as well as by the Indians an important source of information about the feelings and reaction of the people at that time. These images reflect the public opinion which influenced the policies of the British government. On the other hand, the national imageries depict the national feelings of the Indians.

Question 9.
Examine any two sources presented in the chapter, choosing one visual and one text, and discuss how these represent the point of view of the victor and the vanquished.
Solution :
(a)

The above picture shows Secundrah Bagh, Lucknow. This place was once the pleasure garden which was built by Nawab Wajid Ali Shah. After the rebellion, the British forces led by Cambell killed 2000 rebel sepoys who held the place in 1857. The skeleton strewn on the ground are meant to be a cold warning of the futility of rebellion. This shows that in Awadh where according to an estimate three-fourths of adult male population was in rebellion, too could not succeed and were under control in March 1858.

(b) Villagers as rebels
An officer reporting from rural Awadh (spelt as Oude in the following account) noted : The Oude people are gradually pressing down on the line of communication from the North … the Oude people are villagers … these villagers are nearly intangible to Europeans melting away before them and collecting again. The Civil Authorities report these villagers to amount to a very large number of men, with a number of guns.’

The above source depicts the way in which villagers in Awadh fought with the British forces. They could not be defeated easily because they used to melt away before the British but soon after they collected again. Thus, it was very difficult for the British to control them. The fighting in Awadh continued till March 1858. This shows that in Awadh the rebellion was spread. On the other hand, it shows that inspite of difficulties, the British were determined to suppress the rebellion. The forces were used on a gigantic scale and ultimately Awadh was brought under control.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 11 Rebels and the Raj The Revolt of 1857 and its Representations help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 11 Rebels and the Raj The Revolt of 1857 and its Representations, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 2 Kings, Farmers and Towns Early States and Economies are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 2 Kings, Farmers and Towns Early States and Economies.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 2 Kings, Farmers and Towns Early States and Economies

Question 1.
Discuss the evidence of craft production in Early Historic cities. In what ways is this different from the evidence from Harappan cities ?
Solution :
Various evidences of craft production in Early Historic cities have been found. These include fine pottery bowls and dishes, with a glossy finish, known as Northern Black Polished Ware, probably used by rich people and ornaments, tools, weapons, vessels, figurines, made of a wide range of materials – gold, silver, copper, bronze, ivory, glass, shell and terracotta. Iron was also used for making plough share, weapons and tools as well as to meet the growing demands in the cities.

On the other hand, the craft production in the Harappan cities included bead-making, shell¬cutting, metal-working, seal-making and weight-making. The material used was stones, jasper, crystal, quartz, copper, bronze, gold, shell, faience and terracotta.

The evidence of craft production in the Harappan civilisation have been found from excavations. The evidences for the Early Historic cities have been found from excavations as well as from inscriptions.
Another difference is that there were guilds in the early Historic cities. These were organisations of craft producers and merchants. These guilds or shrenis probably procured raw materials, regulated production and marketed the finished product.

Question 2.
Describe the salient features of Mahajanapadas.
Solution :
Mahajanapadas were states that existed between 6th and 4th BC centuries. Buddhist and Jain texts mention sixteen Mahajanapadas. The name of all these are not uniform in all texts but some names are common and uniform which means they were the powerful ones. These Mahajanapadas are Vajji, Magadha, Kaushal, Kuru, Panchal, and Gandhar.

The important features of the Mahajanapadas are as follows.

1. Most of the Mahajanapadas were ruled by powerful kings. However, there were some Mahajanapadas where rule was in the hands of people, we call them republics. In some states the king and the subject had collective control on the economic resources of the state.
2. Every Mahajanapadas had its own capital. The capital normally would be surrounded by fort. The fortification of the capital was needed for protection and economic resources.
3. It was around 6th Qentury BC, Brahmins began to compile scripture called “Dharmshastra” which states rules of morality including that of monarch. Herein it was mentioned that the king should be Kshatriya.
4. The main job of the king was collection of taxes from farmers, traders, craftsmen. They also accepted donations.
5. It was considered fair to plunder neighbouring countries for riches.
6. Gradually Mahajanapadas began to have full time army and officials. Soldiers were from the ranks of farmers.

Question 3.
How do historians reconstruct the lives of ordinary people?
Solution :
Ordinary people rarely left accounts of their thoughts and experiences. The historians reconstruct their lives by examining stories contained in anthologies such as the Jatakas and the Panchatantra. For example, one story known as the Gandatindu Jataka describes the plight of the subjects of a wicked king. The subjects included elderly women and men, cultivators, herders, village boys and even animals. When the king went in disguise to find out what his subjects thought about him, each one of them cursed him for their miseries, complaining that they were attacked by robbers at night and by tax collectors during the day. As a result of it, people abandoned their village and went to live in the forest.

Question 4.
Compare and contrast the list of things given to the Pandyan chief (Source 3) with those produced in the village of Danguna (Source 8). Do you notice any similarities or differences?
Solution :
(a) The defeated people gave the following things to the Pandya chief as a mark of respect to the victorious king : Ivory, fragrant wood, fans made of the hair of deer, honey, sandalwood, red ochre, antimony, turmeric, cardamom, pepper, coconuts, mangoes, medicinal plants, fruits, onions, sugarcane, flowers, areca*nut, bananas, baby tigers, lions, elephants, monkeys, bear, deer, musk deer, fox, peacocks, musk cat, wild cocks and speaking parrots.
(b) The village of Danguna produced the following things : Grass, animal hides, charcoal, fermenting liquors, salt, khadira trees, flowers and milk.
(c)

1. Similarities : Both the lists contain the things of daily use such as honey, turmeric, i cardamom, pepper, mangoes, fruits, onions, flowers (Source 3) and grass, salt, flowers and milk (Source 8).
2. Differences : The things given to the Pandya chief included precious things such as ivory, fragrant wood, sandalwood and wild animals like tigers, lions, elephants, wild cocks. These things and animals prove that the forest people were brave and their economic condition was good. On the other hand, the things of the Danguna village did not include precious things. It included things such as grass, animal hides, flowers and milk which prove that they were ordinary people and their economic condition was bad. That was probably the reason for granting them various exemptions by Prabhavati Gupta.

Question 5.
List some of the problems faced by the epigraphists.
Solution :
The specialists who study inscriptions are called Epigraphists. Some of the important problems they encounter when they try to decipher inscriptions are as follows:

1. Many of the inscriptions are not found in proper shape, they are partly damaged, hence deciphering them becomes a knotty problem.
2. The inscriptions are written from the point of view of those who have created it. Hence, in order to get an impartial understanding, we need to go beyond the written words, get into its interpretations.
3. Many of the inscriptions have descriptions in symbolic words. Hence deciphering them have become difficult.
4. Sometimes the inscriptions are engrafted in very light colors. Hence, deciphering them becomes difficult.

6. Question 6.
Solution :
Asokan inscriptions mention all the main features of the administration of the Mauryan Empire. Thus, the features of the administration are evident in the inscriptions of the Asokan age. The important features of the same are as follow:
1. The capital of the Mauryan Empire was Pataliputra. Apart from the capital there ‘ were four other centres of political power in the empire. They were Taxila, Ujjaini,
Tosali and Suvamagiri.
2. Committee and subcommittees were formed to run the administration and safety of boundaries. Megasthenes has mentioned that there were one committee and six sub-committees. The six subcommittees and their areas of activities are as follows:
(i) The first sub committee looked after navy.
(ii) The second sub committee looked after transport and communications.
(iii) The third sub committee looked after infantry.
(iv) The fourth sub committee had the responsibility of horses.
(v) The fifth had the responsibility of chariots.
(vi) The sixth had the responsibility of elephants.
3. Strong network of roads and communications were established. It is notable that no large empire can be maintained in the absence of the same.
4. Asoka made an attempt to keep the empire united by the philosophy of Dhamma. Dhamma are nothing but moral principles that actuated people towards good conduct. Special officers called Dhamma Mahamtras were appointed to propagate Dhamma. In fact Romila Thapar has made it the most important element of the Asokan state’s governing principle.

Question 7.
This is a statement made by one of the best-known epigraphists of the twentieth century. D.C. Sircar: “There is no aspect of life, culture and activities of the Indians that is not reflected in inscriptions.” Discuss.
Solution :
(a) The statement of D.C. Sircar that there is no aspect of life, culture and activities of the Indians that is not reflected in inscriptions does not seem to be correct because not everything that is politically or economically significant was necessarily recorded in inscriptions. Some examples are given below :

• Routine agricultural practices and the joys and sorrows of daily existence find no mention in inscriptions.
• The inscriptions generally focus on grand, unique events.
• The content of inscriptions almost invariably projects the perspective of the person who commissioned them. For example, in some inscriptions Asoka claims that earlier rulers had no arrangements to receive reports about the people. This does not seem to be correct.

(b) The inscriptions give us only the following information :

• Information about the administration particularly major political centres.
• Asoka’s Dhamma and its propagation by special officers known as the dhamma mahamatta.

Question 8.
Discuss the notions of kingship that developed in the post-Maury an period.
Solution :

1. The main notion that developed in the post-Mauryan period was that of divine kings. The kings identified themselves with a variety of deities to claim high status. This strategy was adopted by the Kushanas who ruled over a vast kingdom extending from Central Asia to northwest India.
2. Colossal statues of Kushana rulers were installed in a shrine at Mat near Mathura and in Afghanistan. This indicates that the Kushanas considered themselves godlike.
3. Many Kushana rulers adopted the title devaputra, or “son of god”. It was possibly inspired by Chinese rulers who called themselves sons of heaven.

Question 9.
To what extent were agricultural practices transformed in the period under consideration?
Solution :
The agricultural practices were transformed in the period under consideration i.e., 600 BCE – 6OO CE in the following ways :

• There was a shift to plough-agriculture in fertile alluvial river valleys such as those of Ganga and the Kaveri from c. sixth century BCE.
• The iron-tipped ploughshare was used to turn the alluvial soil in areas which had high rainfall.
• In some parts of the Ganga valley, production of paddy was dramatically increased by the introduction of transplantation.
• Those living in hilly tracts in the north-eastern and central parts of the subcontinent practised hoe agriculture, which was much better suited to the terrain.
• Irrigation was used to increase agricultural production. Wells, tanks, and canals were used for this purpose. Communities as well as individuals organised the construction of irrigation works.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 2 Kings, Farmers and Towns Early States and Economies help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 2 Kings, Farmers and Towns Early States and Economies, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 3 Current Electricity

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 3 Current Electricity part of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 3 Current Electricity

Question 1.
The storage battery of a car has an e.m.f. of 12 V. If the internal resistance of the battery is 0.4Ω, what is the maximum current that can be drawn from the battery ?
Answer:

Question 2.
A battery of e.m.f. 10 V and internal resistance 3Ω is connected to a resistor. If the current in the circuit is 0.5 A, what is the resistance of the resistor ? What is the terminal voltage of the battery when the circuit is closed ?
Answer:

Question 3.
(a) Three resistors IΩ, 2 Ωand 3 Ω are combined in series. What is the total resistance of the combination?
(b) If the combination is connected to a battery of e.m.f. 12 V and negligible internal resistance, obtain the potential drop across each resistor.
Answer:

Voltage drop across R₃ is given by, V₃ = IR₃ = 2 x 3 = 6V.

Question 4.
(a) Three resistors 2 Ω, 4 Ω, and 5 Ω, are combined in parallel. What is the total resistance of the combination?
(b) If the combination is connected to a battery of e.m.f. 20 V and negligible internal resistance, determine the current through each resistor, and the total current drawn from the battery.
Answer:

Question 5.
At room temperature (27.0 °C) the resistance of a heating element is 100 Ω. What is the temperature of the element if the resistance is found to be 117 Ω, given that the temperature coefficient of the material of the resistor is 1.70 x 10^-4 °C^-1.
Answer:

Question 6.
A negligibly small current is passed through a wire of length 15 m and uniform cross-section 6.0 x 10^-7 m², and its resistance is measured to be 50 Ω. What is the resistivity of the material at the temperature of the experiment ?
Answer:

Question 7.
A silver wire has a resistance of 2.1 Ω at 27.5 °C, and a resistance of 2.7 Ω at 100 °C. Determine the temperature coefficient of resistivity of silver.
Answer:

Question 8.
A heating element using nichrome connected to a 230 V supply draws an initial current of 3.2 A which settles after a few seconds to a steady value of 2.8 A. What is the steady temperature of the heating element if the room temperature is 27.0 °C ? Temperature co­efficient of resistance of nichrome averages over the temperature range involved is 1.70 x 10^-4 °C^-1.
Answer:


Question 9.
Determine the current in each branch of the network shown in Figure

Answer:

Question 10.
(a) In a meter bridge (Figure), the balance point is found to be at 39.5 cm from the end A, when the resistor Y is of 12.5 Ω. Determine the resistance of X. Why are the connections between resistors in a Wheatstone or meter bridge made of thick copper strips?

(b) Determine the balance point of the bridge above if X and Y are interchanged.
(c) What happens if the galvanometer and cell are interchanged at the balance point of the bridge? Would the galvanometer show any current? (C.B.S.E. 2005)
Answer:


Question 11.
A storage battery of e.m.f. 8.0 V and internal resistance 0.5 Ω is being charged by a 120 V dc supply using a series resistor of 15.5 Ω. What is the terminal voltage of the battery during charging? What is the purpose of having a series resistor in the charging circuit ?
Answer:
During charging,
V = E + I(r + R)

Question 12.
In a potentiometer arrangement, a cell of e.m.f. 1.25 V gives a balance point at 35.0 cm length of the wire. If the cell is replaced by another cell and the balance point shifts to 63.0 cm, what is the e.m.f. of the second cell ?
Answer:

Question 13.
The number density of free electrons in a copper conductor estimated in Example 3.1 is 8.5 x 10²⁸ m³. How long does an electron take to drift from one end of a wire 3.0 m long to its other end? The area of cross­section of the wire is 2.0 x 10^-6 m² and it is carrying a current of 3.0 A.
Answer:

Question 14.
The earth’s surface has a negative surface charge density of 10^-9 cm^-2. The potential difference of 400 kV between the top of the atmosphere and the surface results (due to the low conductivity of the lower atmosphere) in a current of only 1800 A over the entire globe. If there were no mechanism of sustaining atmospheric electric Held, how much time (roughly) would be required to neutralise the earth’s surface ? (This never happens in practice because there is a mechanism to replenish electric charges, namely the continual thunderstorms and lightning in different parts of the globe.)
(Radius of earth = 6.37 x 10⁶ m.)
Answer:

Question 15.
(a) Six lead-acid type of secondary cells each of e.m.f. 2.0 V and internal resistance 0.015 Ω are joined in series to provide a supply to a resistance of 8.5 Ω. What are the current drawn from the supply and its terminal voltage ?
(b) A secondary cell after long use has an e.m.f. of 1.9 V and a large internal resistance of 380 Ω. What maximum current can be drawn from the cell ? Could the cell drive the starting motor of a car ?
Answer:

It cannot be used for starting motor of a car because large current is needed to start the car.

Question 16.
Two wires of equal length, one of aluminium and the other of copper have the same resistance. Which of the two wires is lighter? Hence explain why aluminium wires are preferred for overhead power cables. (P_AL = 2.63 x 10⁸ Ω m, P_cu= 1.72 X 1(H Ω m. Relative density of A1 = 2.7, of Cu = 8.9.)
Answer:


Aluminium is lighter, so it is used for overhead power cables.

Question 17.
What conclusion can you draw from the following observations on a resistor made of alloy manganin?

Answer:
It indicates that Ohm’s law i.e.V α I is valid for a wide range.
Resistivity of Manganin remains nearly same with change in temperature.

Question 18.
Answer the following questions :
(a) A steady current flows in a metallic conductor of non-uniform cross-section. Which of these quantities is constant along the conductor : current, current density, electric field, drift speed?
(b) Is Ohm’s law universally applicable for all conducting elements? If not, give examples of elements which do not obey Ohm’s law.
(c) A low voltage supply from which one needs high currents must have very low internal resistance. Why?
(d) A high tension (HT) supply of, say, 6 kV must have a very large internal resistance. Why?
Answer:
(a) Current
(b) No. Devices are and vacuum tubes, semiconductor diodes, transistors, thermisters, thyristors, etc.
(c) Lesser the value of ‘r’, the higher the current.

Clearly low r will ensure high current
(d) If internal resistance is not large, then the heavy current drawn during an accidental short circuit can damage the supply.

Question 19.
Choose the correct alternative:
(a) Alloys of metals usually have (greater/less) resistivity than that of their constituent metals.
(b) Alloys usually have much (lower/higher) temperature coefficients of resistance than pure metals.
(c) The resistivity of the alloy manganin is nearly independent of/increases rapidly with the increase of temperature.
(d) The resistivity of a typical insulator (e.g., amber) is greater than that of a metal by a factor of the order of (10²²/10)³).
Answer:
(a) Greater
(b) Lower
(c) Nearly independent
(d) 10²²

Question 20.
(a) Given n resistors each of resistance R, how will you combine them to get the
(i) maximum (ii) minimum effective resistance? What is the ratio of the maximum to minimum resistance?
(b) Given the resistances of 1 Q, 2 G, 3 Q, how will combine them to get an equivalent resistance of (i) (11/3)Ω (ii) (11/5) Ω, (iii) 6 Ω, (iv) (6/11) Ω?
(c) Determine the equivalent resistance of networks shown in the figure. (N.C,E.R,T.)
Answer:

(i) Maximum resistance can be obtained by combining them in series with each other.
The maximum resistance R_max = R + R + R + ……………..n times = nR.
(ii) Minimum effective resistance can be obtained by combining them in parallel with each other. Minimum resistance R_max is found as

Question 21.
Determine the current drawn from a 12 V supply with internal resistance 0.5Ω by the infinite network shown in the figure. Each resistor has 1 Ω resistance. (N.C.E.R.T.)

Answer:
Let the total resistance of the circuit be Z and a set of three resistors of value R each is connected to it as shown in the figure.

Question 22.
The figure shows a potentiometer with a cell of 2.0 V and internal resistance of 0.40 Ω maintaining a potential drop across the resistor wire AB. A standard cell which maintains a constant e.m.f. of 1.02 V (for very moderate currents up to a few mA) gives a balance point at 67.3 cm length of the wire. To ensure very low currents drawn from the standard cell, very high resistance of 600 kΩ is put in series with it, which is shorted close to the balance point. The standard cell is then replaced by a cell of unknown e.m.f. e and the balance point found similarly, turns out to be at 82.3 cm length of the wire.

(a) What is the value e?
(b) What purpose does the high resistance of 600 kΩ have?
(c) Is the balance point affected by this high resistance?
(d) Is the balance point affected by the internal resistance of the driver cell?
(e) Would the method work in the above situation if the driver cell of the potentiometer had an e.m.f. of 1.0 V instead of 2.0 V?
(f) Would the circuit work cell for determining an extremely small e.m.f., say of the order of a few mV (such as the typical e.m.f. of a Thermo ­couple not, how will you modify the circuit?
Answer:

(b) It allows only a small current to flow through the galvanometer when the circuit is not balanced.
(c) No
(d) No
(e) No
(f) No. The circuit will not work (E ∝ l).
The circuit can be modified by putting a suitable resistor ‘R’ in series with the wire AB.

Question 23.
The figure shows a potentiometer circuit for the comparison of two resistances. The balance point with a standard resistor R = 10.0 Ω is found to be 58.3 cm, while that with the unknown resistance X is 68.5 cm. Determine the value of X. What might you do if you failed to find a balance point with the given cell of emf ε?
Answer:

(b) We fail to get the balance point with the given cell of emf E, if the potential difference across the wire AB. In order to obtain the balance point with the given cell E, either the emf of the auxiliary⁷ battery (between A and B) should be increased or a suitable resistance should be put in series with R and X (so as to decrease the potential drop across the wire AB).

Question 24.
The figure shows a 2.0 V potentiometer used for the determination of internal resistance

1.5 V cell. The balance point of the cell in open circuit is 76.3 cm. When a resistor of
9.5 Ω is used in the external circuit of the cell, the balance point shifts to 64.8 cm length of the potentiometer wire. Determine the internal resistance of the cell.
Answer:

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 3 Current Electricity, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 3 Current Electricity, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science Paper 5 are part of CBSE Sample Papers for class 12 Home Science. Here we have given CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science Paper 5.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science Paper 5

Students who are going to appear for CBSE Class 12 Examinations are advised to practice the CBSE sample papers given here which is designed as per the latest Syllabus and marking scheme as prescribed by the CBSE is given here. Paper 5 of Solved CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science is given below with free PDF download solutions.

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:
There are total 25 questions. All questions are compulsory.

• Question nos  1-6 are of 1 mark, to be answered in one or two lines.
• Question nos 7-13 are of 2 marks, to be answered in 10-20 words.
• Question nos 14-15 case study and picture based are of 3 marks.
• Question nos 16-21 are of 4 marks, to be answered in 40 words.
• Question nos 22-25 are of 5 marks, to be answered in 50-60 words.

Questions

Question 1.
Why is friction method not used to wash woollen clothes?

Question 2.
Sometimes economic aspect becomes a hazard in marital adjustment. How does it affect the marital relations?

Question 3.
Games play an important role in cognitive development. How do they inculcate the social values in the adolescents?

Question 4.
Sudha is suffering from fever and is feeling quite weak. She cannot rely on normal diet.Recommend her the kind of food she must take.

Question 5.
Peer pressure leads to stress in teenagers as they try to behave in a certain way due to pressure coming from their peers. What are the factors that make teenagers succumb to this pressure?

Question 6.
State incubation period for polio and measles.

Question 7.
To ensure accuracy in length, what four points would you check while buying fabric from a shopkeeper?

Question 8.
What are the specific symptoms of polio?

Question 9.
Anorexia Nervosa is the most common eating disorder found in the society. Enlist some of its symptoms.

Question 10.
Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme is an effort in the direction of human development in terms of providing facilities for the well-being of mother and new bom child. State the importance of ICDS for a lactating mother.

Question 11.
Mrs. Rita has two daughters, one of is two years old while the elder sibling is of ten years. What would be the different duties of Rita for her different age group daughters.

Question 12.
What do you mean by Bonds (financial)?

Question 13.
Pooja is an aware and conscious child of eight years. She accompanies her working mother to select a creche for her three year old brother. What four features is she most likely to desire in a creche for the well-being of her sibling?

Question 14.
Gangu Bai soaked some clothes including her silk saree in a tub. After sometime, when she took out her saree from the tub to wash, she was surprised to see red patches on it. What are the reasons behind these patches? Suggest Gangu Bai some other ways to apply while washing clothes on a daily basis.

Question 15.
Identify the following activity and write both the benefits and drawbacks of this method.

Question 16.
What sort of disease is measles? Describe some specific symptoms of measles which enable you to diagnose it.

Question 17.
Illustrate four ways each of creating emphasis and harmony in a dress.

Question 18.
Your brother works in a bank and wants to invest one lakh rupees. Suggest him any two schemes which are safe and also provide tax rebate. Mention four other features of each of these two schemes.

Question 19.
Why do most people prefer to use detergents for washing their clothes?

Question 20.
Readymade garments have acquired immense popularity due to various factors. Give a brief description of these factors.

Question 21.
If clothes are a means of projecting one’s personality in the positive light and boosting self-confidence, then it becomes imperative to select and keep clothes properly. Suggest some ways by which maximum benefits can be derived from clothes.

Question 22.
Define depression. What are the causes, symptoms and treatment of depression?

Question 23.
A family’s total monthly income is ten thousand rupees. List all the points that can possibly influence the expenditure of this family.

Question 24.
The decisive steps taken by the government for consumer protection like Right to Information and Right to Basic Needs are steps in the right direction. How does government ensure that these rights are adequately met?

Question 25.
Mr Sharma lives in a joint family comprising of different individuals. Each member has its own particular nutritional needs according to their age, gender, occupation, health status etc. Explain how their meal planning is affected by it.

Answers

Answer 1.
Woollen clothes have rough scaly surface and if these scales overlap each other, they get entangled which leads to felting. Therefore friction method is not used to wash woollen clothes.

Answer 2.
When the economic status of a partner does not match with another partner, especially if the responsibilities are more and money is limited, it affects the marital relations in negative way.

Answer 3.
Cognitive skills develop in adolescent when they play games with patience, responsibility and co-operation. Other skills like loyality, leadership traits also develop when they play games in group.

Answer 4.
When suffering from fever, Sudha should take high calorie diet and bland or non-spicy foods. Like soups, barley water, lemon water, porridge, custard, pudding, milk foods etc.

Answer 5.
The factors like the need for approval, acceptance and the need to have a sense of belonging cause teenagers to succumb to this pressure.

Answer 6.
The polio incubation period can be as short as 4 days or as long as 35 days and measles has 8 to 14 days with encephalitis 7 to 10 days after symptoms develop.

Answer 7.
While buying fabric from a shopkeeper, a buyer should check the following points to ensure accuracy in length

• Always ensure that the measurement scale is properly marked and has ISI mark.
• Measuring rod shouldn’t be bent or broken.
• Ensure that shopkeeper does not stretch cloth while measuring.
• He should cut the fabric as per the exact measurement.

Answer 8.
Polio is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus that attacks the nervous system. Childern younger than 5 years old are more likely to contract the virus than any other group mild fever, pain all over the body, rigidity to the neck, the limbs become loose, facial paralysis, and squiting of eyes.

Answer 9.
Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa are listed below

• Intense fear of gaining weight even when losing weight.
• Counting calories, grams of fat in diet.
• In females, absence of menstrual cycles without another cause.
• Rapid or excessive weight loss.

Answer 10.
The importance of Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme for a lactating mother are as follows

1. It will give her knowledge about the immunisation programme of her child.
2. She will get knowledge about balanced diet, weaning foods and child care.
3. It will promote breast feeding.
4. It gives instructions on post-natal care.

Answer 11.
Both the childrens have different nutritional and educational priorities. For two years daughter she has to take care for his health and nutritional values while ten years old girl i.e. school going to take care for her education and health.

Answer 12.
Bonds are debentures which are issued by government or government company. On liquidation (closing) of the company, the creditor is secured and the investor gets his money back.

Answer 13.
In the creche of a three years old brother, one will look for the following four facilities

1. Hygienic environment
2. Trained staff
3. First aid facility
4. Comfortable sleeping space

Answer 14.
The reasons behind the red patches on the saree are as follows

• Soaking of silk saree led to the appearance of patches on it. Silk clothes should not be soaked, they should be washed immediately.
• Gangu Bai might have soaked clothes in hot water and colour leaked.
• She might have soaked clothes in a strong detergent with bleaching agents in it, which caused leakage of colour.

Following precautions need to be applied while washing clothes

• Delicate clothes should be washed separately.
• Light coloured and dark coloured clothes should be soaked separately.
• Quality detergents should be used for washing clothes.
• Use mild soaps and detergents for silk and woollen

Answer 15.
In the above figure, boiling method of making water safe for drinking is shown.
Some of its benefits and drawbacks are given below

• Benefits It is a simple method as we can easily do it at home and it does not require any special equipment. Solid substances, hardness and salinity of water can be destroyed through boiling.
• Drawbacks This method is quite time consuming as it takes much time to boil water and then cool it before using. Fuel is required in large amount for this method. This method makes water tasteless and it is cumbersome to boil a large amount of water

Answer 16.
Measles is an infection of the respiratory system, immune system and skin caused by a virus. Children are usually affected by this disease.
Hence, for proper diagnosis, it is required to know the common symptoms which are as given below

• Cough with running nose.
• Fever with a feeling of chill.
• Inflamed eyes, very sensitive to light.
• Small red eruptions on face.
• Swelling of nose and eyes.
• Difficulty in swallowing.

Answer 17.
Following are the four ways of creating emphasis in a dress

1. To create emphasis, buttons, lace, belt etc of contrasting and dark colours may be used.
2. Unusual shapes of collars, buttons and pockets etc also create emphasis.
3. To emphasise necklines, cuffs or any other part of a garment, these areas should be decorated with embroidery, lace, trims, applique, buttons etc.
4. Emphasis can be achieved by continuing changing in intensity from bright to dull.

The four ways of creating harmony in a dress are

1. Unity in dress can be achieved by repeated use of lines and shapes.
2. There should be unity in texture.
3. The prints on different areas such as sleeves, pocket etc should align with those on the body.
4. The style lines should be consistent. Energy area of a garment should match its coordinating garment.

Answer 18.
Investment is time, energy or matter spent in the hope of future benefits and in order to gain safety and tax rebate. Hence, Public Provident Fund (PPF) and schemes by LIC (Life Insurance Corporation) are the two ways of investment which give more benefit and tax rebate.
The following are the features of the Public Provident Fund

• It gives high rate of interest.
• Premature withdrawal is allowed.
• Its interest is tax free.
• It gives loan facility.

Following are the features of LIC

• Easy and low premium installments,
• It gives a security to the family and future,
• Its interest is tax free.
• It allows the loan facility.

Answer 19.
A detergent has cleaning properties in dilute solutions. People prefer to use it because of the following reasons

1. It saves time and energy.
2. Detergents do not leave deposits on the fabrics.
3. Optical brighteners and bleaches present in detergent make fabric bright and white.
4. They do not combine with the calcium and magnesium salts of hard water due to the presence of the polar sulfonate of the detergent.
5. It readily dissolves in both cold and hot water.
6. It needs less water for rinsing clothes.
7. Clothes washed in detergents give good aroma after wash.
8. It is more effective against body acids and perspiration.

Answer 20.
Readymade garments have acquired immense popularity. The reasons behind are

1. The readymade garments don’t need stitching time, designing, styling skills etc.
2. In today’s fast paced life, everyone is hard pressed for time. So, most of the families resort to purchasing readymade clothing.
3. Readymade garments are available in wide range of rates.
4. They are easy to wear, wash and maintain, that’s why consumers prefer readymade garments.
5. Readymade garments give an option of trial for fitting before purchase.
6. Readymade garments have more design options and variety of colour pattern.
7. The desire for more clothes among consumers is also a reason for popularity of readymade garments.
8. Readymade garments are designed according to the latest fashion so, youngsters prefer them.

Answer 21.
In order to get maximum benefit out of clothes in terms of enhancing one’s personality and confidence, one should always keep the following points in mind

1. While purchasing clothes, one should consider its affordability, suitability to one’s personality, durability and comfortableness.
2. Colour of skin, hair and eyes should also be considered.
3. Size and shape of one’s body should also be a criterion while selecting clothes.
4. One can select the clothes according to fashion but it should not be blindly followed.
5. The clothes should also be according to occasion and weather.
6. Proper upkeep of clothes is essential because if the proper care is not taken, the clothes lose their attraction.
7. The defects like open seams and loose buttons should be mended on time.
8. Washing and handling should be done according to the kind of fabric.

Answer 22.
Depression It is the state of feeling low and aversion to activity. It can affect a person’s thought, behaviour, feelings and sense of well-being. It creates a constant feeling of sadness and lack of interest. Depressed adolescents feel sad, anxious, hopeless, worthless, guilty and hurt. They lose interest in the activities which were once pleasurable to them. They face problem in decision-making and concentrating. Depression can lead to emotional and physical problems.
Causes of Depression Some of the causes of depression are listed below

1. During adolescence, the adolescents are not able to adjust with peers and family.
2. They are not comfortable with the fast changes that are taking place in their body.
3. They are not able to accept their physique and feel awkward as they are obese or too skinny.
4. When they feel their parents or teachers have high expectations from them and they can’t cope up with it.

Symptoms of Depression Some common symptoms of depression are as follows

1. Constant feeling of sadness and emptiness.
2. Adolescent feels hopeless and restless.
3. Becomes pessimistic.
4. Loss of appetite.

Treatment of Depression As soon as the symptoms are seen, treatment should start.

1. Professional treatment from doctor should be taken as it reduces the chances of re-occurrence.
2. Parents and teachers should not put too much responsibility if they feel that adolescent is unsure of himself.
3. They should be praised and encouraged for their small achievement.
4. They should be encouraged to take up creative hobbies.
   These measures will help the adolescents to adjust in the changed environment.

Answer 23.
Many factors that influence the expenditure of the family are given below

• Size of Family A large family will spend more on their living and basic needs than a small family.
• Composition of Family A family comprises of individuals of different age groups. A family with school and college going children spends more on education whereas a family with old age members spends more on medicines.
• Place of Residence Urban families have higher expenditure than those living in rural areas.
• Family Type A joint family has some common things to share like same house, car etc. So, their family expenditure on housing mobility goes down.
• Family Values Value system in a family is one of the most influencial things. A family which values education, will spend more on buying books.

Answer 24.
The Right to Information (RTI) is the government’s grievance redressal mechanism through which the government ensures the provision of information about the quality, standard, quantity, purity, price of goods and services. It gives detailed information through labels/leaflets/booklets in order to protect the consumer against the unfair trade practices.
The steps taken by the government in this regard are

• Issuing warning along with advertisement of toxic products, e.g. Cigarette smoking is injurious to health.
• Deceptive packaging prohibition.
• Ensuring that information regarding prices and content is clearly marked out on the packets.

Whereas, The Right to Basic Needs guarantees dignified livelihood which includes adequate food, clothing, health care, drinking water, sanitation, shelter, education, energy and transportation.
The steps taken by government to safeguard consumer rights are given below

• Provision of health care facilities.
• Provision of safe drinking water.
• Provision of low cost housing scheme, e.g. Indira Awas Yojana Scheme.
• Provision of rations at subsidised rates for low income families.

Answer 25.
Joint family consists of individuals of different age, gender, occupation “and people with special requirements arising due to pregnancy or fever. Care has to be taken in meal planning to meet the nutritional needs of each member.
It affects meal planning in the following ways

• Age If a family consists of children of 6 to 9 months, then mashed, blend and easily digestible food should be planned. For school going children, protein, calcium and iron-rich food is planned and for adults, iron-rich food is planned.
• Gender A male requires more nutrients than a female.
• Occupation Nature of work defines the requirement of calorie in a person. A person who does heavy work requires more calories than sedentary and moderate workers.
• To Meet Specific Needs If there is a pregnant or lactating woman in a family, she needs more calories, proteins, calcium, iron, folic acid and vitamins. Similarly, family members suffering from fever, diarrhoea need more digestible proteins, carbohydrates, liquids etc.
• Number of Family Members It is important to note that how many members are planning meal and also how many persons are included in meal planning.

We hope the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science Paper 5 help you. If you have any query regarding CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science Paper 5, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science Paper 4 are part of CBSE Sample Papers for class 12 Home Science. Here we have given CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science Paper 4.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science Paper 4

Students who are going to appear for CBSE Class 12 Examinations are advised to practice the CBSE sample papers given here which is designed as per the latest Syllabus and marking scheme as prescribed by the CBSE is given here. Paper 4 of Solved CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science is given below with free PDF download solutions.

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:
There are total 25 questions. All questions are compulsory.

• Question nos  1-6 are of 1 mark, to be answered in one or two lines.
• Question nos 7-13 are of 2 marks, to be answered in 10-20 words.
• Question nos 14-15 case study and picture based are of 3 marks.
• Question nos 16-21 are of 4 marks, to be answered in 40 words.
• Question nos 22-25 are of 5 marks, to be answered in 50-60 words.

Questions

Question 1.
In Home Science, what is taught in the area of child development?

Question 2.
Name the nutrients we get from the sugar food group.

Question 3.
“Requirement of iodine and zinc is important in pregnancy.” Justify the statement.

Question 4.
Name the food products which do not contain sodium.

Question 5.
Nirmala has completed her Master’s degree in Child Development. How can her degree help her in subsistence?

Question 6.
State two advantages of putting money in provident fund.

Question 7.
What are the advantages of boiling method?

Question 8.
Name various types of immunity.

Question 9.
Write two social traits which develop in adolescence.

Question 10.
Name any two factors affecting the additional requirement of energy during pregnancy.

Question 11.
“The agents of socialisation play a crucial role in the process of child’s development as a social being.” Explain.

Question 12.
What is potable water? Write its two qualities.

Question 13.
Nidhi and Priyanka went to market. Priyanka wants to purchase jam but she dont know what points should be kept in mind while purchasing the jam. If you are Nidhi then what are your responsibilities towards Priyanka?

Question 14.
Suppose, income of your father is limited and not sufficient to meet all the requirements of your family. Your mother can help in supplementing the real income of your family.
On behalf of your mother, suggest six ways to supplement the income.

Question 15.
Labels are printed on the packaging of the products. What information must be provided through a label?

Question 16.
Define saving and elaborate the benefits of saving.

Question 17.
What points would you consider before washing clothes?

Question 18.
Food adulteration is a health hazard that must be countered. As a responsible and conscious citizen, what measures can you suggest to tackle the problem?

Question 19.
State some of the malpractices of shopkeepers in the area of weight and measures.

Question 20.
What points will you keep in your mind while purchasing a dress for your college going brother who is short in height?

Question 21.
It is a misconception that the more one spends on diet, the better the nutritional value one is able to get or we can say that balanced diet does not mean expensive diet. Explain the point by giving examples

Question 22.
Rajeshwar Singh is going to retire after four years. Suggest him two investment schemes for his safe old age.

Question 23.
How does socio-economic status of a child affect the cognitive development of the child?

Question 24.
Define stain and classify different types of stains along with the medium used for their removal.

Question 25.
Meal planning without the help of food group is very laborious and time consuming. How?

Answers.

Answer 1.
Complete knowledge of the physical, mental, social and emotional development of child is taught in Home Science.

Answer 2.
We get carbohydrates and iron from sugar food group. Jaggery and honey are good sources of iron.

Answer 3.
Zinc is required for growth and protein synthesis. Iodine is required to regulate the mental and physical growth of foetus. So, iodine and zinc play an important role in pregnancy.

Answer 4.
Some food products which do not contain sodium are barley, rajma, lobia, hand pounded rice, bathua, mustard leaves and pumpkin etc.

Answer 5.
Nirmala can join ICDS and NGO which are working in the field of child care.

Answer 6.
Following are the two advantages of putting money in provident fund

• Loan can be taken against it.
• It qualifies for tax rebate.

Answer 7.
The advantages of boiling method are mentioned below

• Solid substances like chalk powder, carbonic compounds and pathogenic micro-organisms are destroyed by boiling.
• Temporary hazards and salinity of water is also reduced by boiling.

Answer 8.

• Natural immunity—This is present from birth. Some antibodies are transferred from mother to child during breast feeding.
• Acquired immunity—This is present from birth but acquired later on life. It can be naturally or artificially acquired.

Answer 9.
Following are the two social traits which develop in adolescence

• Social maturity and taking responsibility.
• Attraction towards opposite sex.

Answer 10.
Following are the factors affecting the additional requirement of energy during pregnancy

• Additional energy is required for the growth of foetus.
• It is also required due to higher basal metabolic rate during pregnancy.

Answer 11.
The agent’s of socialisation in the social development of a child include parents, grandparents, siblings, friends and teachers. At home, the most important agents, are parents, grandparents, neighbours and friends. When the child starts going to school, his teachers also play crucial role in the process of child’s development as a social being.

Answer 12.
Water which is free from impurities and safe for drinking is known as potable water.
Two qualities of potable water are

1. Potable water is colourless and odourless.
2. It is free from pathogenic organism and harmful bacteria.

Answer 13.
I will tell her the following instructions

1. Differentiate between genuine and misleading labels.
2. To keep information regarding the composition method of using, date of manufacture and expiry.
3. Be judicious about standard mark and price also.

Answer 14.
My mother can supplement family income in the following manner

1. She can do her domestic chores herself.
2. She can use community facilities like public bus to go for shopping.
3. She can utilise her skills like culinary to supplement family income.
4. She can teach her children at home.
5. She can grow vegetables in pots in kitchen garden.
6. She can stitch clothes herself for family members.

Answer 15.
Bureau of Indian Standard has fixed certain standards for a complete label.
Some of these are given below

1. Name and ingredients of the product.
2. Brand name and trade mark,
3. Net weight/volume/length.
4. Use of the product.
5. Dates of manufacturing and expiry.
6. Price of product.
7. Batch and licence number.
8. Warning, if any.

Answer 16.
The portion of family income which is kept apart for the future contingencies is known as ‘saving’. Saving is the difference between income and expenditure. It can be expressed as

Savings are important for a person due to the following reasons

1. Economic Security The main aim of saving is to provide economic security to the family.
2. Increase in Income Saving increases the family income. If the savings are properly invested, additional money is earned in the form of dividends or interest.
3. For Fulfilling the Future Needs and Goals Savings are essential for different stages of life cycle. – In the initial stages when the children are small and their demands are few, one requires lesser amount of money. But in later phase, one has to spend more on the higher education, marriage etc of the children.
4. Helping in Implementation of National Plans Savings done by an individual are invested in the development plans of the nation. Savings are used for the national defence and development.
5. To Meet the Emergency of Severe Ailment or Accident A member of family needs an immediate medical attention in case of severe illness or accident. Thus, savings are used in emergency situations also.

Answer 17.
Following points should be considered before washing clothes

1. Clothes should be washed as soon as they become dirty.
2. Soiled clothes should not be kept with clean clothes and should be washed separately.
3. It is better to wash coloured and white clothes separately.
4. Soaps and detergents should be selected according to the type of cloth.
5. Before soaking heavily soiled clothes into detergent, it is better to soak them into water for a few hours. It loosens the dirt from the fabric.
6. Soaps and detergents should not be very harsh.
7. For delicate fabric, silk and woollens, select the cleaning agent accordingly.

Answer 18.
Following points are helpful in avoiding the purchase of adulterated food

1. It is necessary for every citizen to be aware of his duty in detecting adulteration and to assist the government and the law in curbing it.
2. It is the duty of every citizen to check the menace of adulteration and work actively in exposing and condemning it.
3. Offer full cooperation and help in campaign against the food adulteration.
4. Give lawful assistance to food inspectors in drawing of adulterated food samples.
5. Be prompt in giving information about specific instances of adulteration. Convey it by post or by telephone to the concerned authorities.
6. Be ready to act as a witness and to give evidence in court in such cases.
7. Take initiative in getting the food tested for adulteration.
8. Make others aware about the menace of adulteration

Answer 19.
The shopkeepers use following malpractices in the area of weight and measures

1. They deviate from standard norms and practices.
2. The shopkeepers use defective weights for weighing.
3. They use stones in place of standard weights for weighing.
4. Weight may have hollow space.
5. Magnet may be stuck at the bottom of the pan.
6. The pointer in the balance may be missing.
7. The beam may not be equally divided.
8. They use faulty measuring tape.

Answer 20.
The following points need to be considered

1. Select dark and bright colours according to his age.
2. Clothes should be comfortable.
3. Select clothes according to the latest fashion as he is college going and would prefer the latest trendy clothes.
4. The colour of shirt and trousers should be same.
5. Select clothes with vertical lines as it gives an illusion of height.
6. Clothes should be well-fitting, neither too tight nor too loose.
7. The fabric should be chosen with care.
8. Clothes should be purchased according to the season.

Answer 21.
A wrong notion that exists in our minds is that ‘food which is expensive is of better nutritive value’. On the contrary, we find that foods which are cheap are often very rich in nutritive value. Proper selection and judicious meal planning can help in obtaining maximum nutritional value and affecting economy. To prove this statement, we can take few instances

• Low cost cereals like ragi, jowar, bajra etc are more nutritious than expensive cereals like rice and wheat.
• Sugar is costlier than jaggery, but the latter contains iron which is not present in sugar.
• Almonds are very good for health, but the cheaper groundnuts are equally nutritious.
• In the same way, seasonal fruits and vegetables are not expensive but are nutritious.
  Thus, high quality foods are not expensive if you know how to choose them.

Answer 22.
The two investment schemes for his safe old age are following

1. Insurance Policy It provides security to a person from natural and man-made losses.
   From 1st January, 2014, service tax is being revised on insurance scheme.
   According to this agreement, the insurer has to deposit a fixed amount as premium at regular intervals.
   In return, the insurance is of two types
   • General Insurance This insurance ensures compensation in the case of theft, fire, floods, drought etc.
   • Life Insurance It is one of the best means of investment. When we opt for an insurance policy, we have to save some money to pay for the premium at regular intervals. Life insurance compensates the economic loss of the insurance against death due to accident or hazards to life.
2. Provident Fund Schemes This scheme was started by the Government of India in J.952. This is a safe method of investment. This scheme is for all the sections of employees and it is compulsory for all of them. Every employee invests a part of his income in this scheme.
   This scheme is of two types
   1. General Provident Fund This scheme is for Government employees. In this scheme, every employee has to pay a minimum of 10% of his basic pay per month. After retirement or incase of death this amount along with interest is paid to the employee or to his nominee. This money is exempted from income tax.
   2. Contributory Provident Fund This is for non-government or semi-governmental employees. In this scheme each employee contributes a minimum of 8% of this basic pay. An equal amount is contributed by the employer. This amount along with interest is paid to the employee at the time of retirement.

Answer 23.
Socio-economic status of a child affects the cognitive development of the child in the following ways

• Sensory Development If the sensory development is good, cognition will also be proper as it depends upon the sensations we receive from the environment.
• Motor Development It refers to the ability to move and coordinate the different parts of the body to perform different skills as crawling, walking, standing, grasping etc.
• Intelligence If the child is intelligent, his cognitive development will be good because then he will understand his environment in better way.
• Curiosity The children who are more curious and ask more questions, are able to form good concepts and their cognitive development is also good.
• Opportunity for Learning Children who get more and better opportunities of learning are able to have good cognition and that too with a good pace.

Answer 24.
‘Stain A stain can be defined as any unpleasant mark or spot which if remains unremoved, has the effect of spoiling the appearance of cloth/fabric. Different types of stains are found on clothes. Some of them are as follows

• Vegetable Stains Stains of tea, coffee, fruits and vegetables are called vegetable stains. Alkaline medium is used to remove these stains.
• Animal Stains Stains of milk, meat, eggs and blood come under this category. To remove these types of stains, they need to be washed with detergent in cold water. The stains become permanent if washed in hot water.
• Oil Stains These stains are of oil, ghee, butter etc. These stains are removed by the use of grease solvents and absorbent.
• Mineral Stains The stains of ink, rust, coal tar and medicine are known as mineral stains. These stains should be washed first in acidic and then in alkaline medium.

Answer 25.
It is quite difficult to do meal planning without the help of food groups because of the following reasons

• Recommended Dietary Allowances Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has recommended daily dietary allowances for Indians of different age groups, class, sex, work and during special conditions keeping in mind the Indian conditions.
  It means that a meal planner needs to include different food groups to cater to the requirements of everyone in the family.
• Food Groups Different foods have varied amount of nutrients. Hence, we require different food products for a balanced diet. But if we don’t include different food groups and stick to some particular type or types of food, then it will become a stupendous task for the meal planner.
  If we keep on calculating the nutritive value of different food stuffs everyday, it would require lots of time and labour.

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